Leadership Styles Of The Workplace - 1166 Words

Work environments, at some point, are hectic, stressful, constantly changing and multifaceted. Leadership is the ability to influence others in order to attain goals (Lamberton Minor, 2014). Leaders in the workplace must take responsibility to ensure they do the right things. Leaders typically possess characteristics such as enthusiasm, dominance, emotional stability, self-assurance, and conscientiousness. They have a strong sense of ethics and work hard in order to build integrity in their workplace (U.S. Small Business Administration [SBA], n.d.). Although leaders have some of the same characteristics in common, they interact differently with others. It helps to know that leaders use different methods of interacting with those they lead. These styles include autocratic, consultative, participative, and free-reign. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these leadership styles, discuss which style most resembles my leadership style, and how this style relates to my pr ofession as a nurse. Leadership Styles The first leadership style is autocratic. Autocratic leaders are the ones in charge. This leadership style is one of power and authority. Group situations or settings do not work well, as the autocratic leader feels other opinions do not matter. Others in the workplace do not have a say in what happens and have little or no freedom to agree or disagree (Lamberton Minor, 2014). Autocratic leaders tend to make decisions in a way that dictators do, byShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style Of The Workplace832 Words   |  4 Pagesone unit. She is very knowledgeable about every position that is currently at her hotel, so in case of emergencies she can help out and be effective. I know this leader from a previous work opportunity where she was also a front desk manager. Leadership Style Based on C.O.A.T, I believe her to be a most effective communicator and advising her employees to better themselves with the company. She is an effective communicator because she isn’t afraid to say what needs to be done and she’s also not afraidRead MoreLeadership Styles During The Workplace761 Words   |  4 Pages Different leadership styles result in various results in the workplace. The Fiedler contingency model postulates a leader’s style is static; however, God can transform anyone’s heart and thus their leadership style. Additionally, the grapevine can be an important tool for employers. As long as each individual chooses to use gossip for honorable purposes, God will bless the workplace. ORIGINAL POST Read MoreLeadership Styles Of Hostile Workplace1458 Words   |  6 Pages Leadership Styles in Hostile Workplaces in the Military The military organization is susceptible to bullying in the workplace and hostile work environments due to the inherent nature of the military structure. Different leadership styles can be used to combat bullying and hostile work environments and minimize their effects. Some leadership styles further contribute to problem. Furthermore leadership styles that are helpful in one situation may contribute to problems in a different situationRead MoreMy Leadership Style Of The Workplace1541 Words   |  7 PagesMy Leadership Style in the Workplace What is leadership? There are endless variations of the definition of the term, however, the one that I agree most with as defined by Ledlow and Coppola. Leadership is the ability to assess, develop, maintain, and change the organizational culture to meet the needs and the expectations of the external environment. There are many great leaders today that anyone can name off in an instant. We all try to be leaders in some part of our lives whether it be at homeRead MoreLeadership Styles Within The Workplace1511 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations large and small have different leadership styles within. Some of them are very laidback and others follow company manuals to the â€Å"T†. The purpose of leadership is to create and promote change, and that people involved in leadership are not just the subject of change but also the driving force behind it (DeGrosky, 2012). A leader must understand the goals and objectives of a company and do everything in their power to accomplish t hem. An effective way to accomplish this is leadingRead MoreEffective Leadership Styles Within The Workplace1584 Words   |  7 PagesEffective leadership styles Abstract An effective leader influences their employees in a desired manner to achieve goals and objectives. Different leadership styles can affect an organization’s effectiveness and performance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the review of literature on various leadership styles over the past years and how effective and ineffective different leadership styles are in the workplace. Introduction A leader is defined as a person with responsibility to influenceRead Moresat 2 Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages My Leadership Style Analysis WGU Leadership SAT2 Task 1 My Leadership Style Analysis A1. Leadership Style Evaluation There are many different leadership styles. After reading the assigned chapters for this task. I was able to identify my own leadership style as a result. In order to know my leadership style, I took a series of assessments in order to determine my personal leadership style. Assessments I took that helped me to determine my personal leadership style are: â€Å"theRead MoreEssay about Understanding Leadership1102 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding leadership Learner name: Learner registration number: Note: The ‘lines/box’ below a question is for guidance purposes only. Marks are not deducted for writing more. It is perfectly acceptable for all answers to be continued on additional forms provided they are attached to the assignment when making a submission. The availability of the form electronically allows learners to expand the ‘lines/box’ as required. | UNDERSTAND LEADERSHIP STYLES 1.1 Describe the factors thatRead MoreLeadership Qualities : The Best Laid Business Plan886 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Qualities: The best laid business plan is doomed to fail if the HRM that is charged with implementing it lacks the leadership skills necessary to earn the trust, respect, and ultimately the support for the plan among the operating managers and employees. Establishing a solid leadership concept is detrimental to any organization; if they wish to succeed. Human Resource Managers ability to lead effectively can be based on a number of essential skills. One sought after leadership skill thatRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Effective And Ineffective Management Strategies1683 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers have reported that they have been affected by workplace bullying, whether they were the target or the witness (2). The nursing profession is no exception to this startling statistic. Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) and The Joint Commission (TJC) have add ressed the need for a positive work environment that is â€Å"free of abusive behavior, such as bullying, hostility, abuse of authority, and reprisal for identifying abuse in the workplace† (8). Bullying in nursing is thought to begin during

Analysis Of The Poem The Stone Of Laughter - 1357 Words

The somber and serious tone of Hoda Barakat’s novel â€Å"The Stone of Laughter† epitomizes in an effective way the depiction of the civil war of Lebanon through the use of a gay male protagonist and a female narrator. Barakat utilizes the image of a despondent war torn country and a man with internal conflicts to create a metaphorical comparison between war and gender identification in order to create a sense of simplicity to a complex issue. The civil war of Lebanon has a monumental influence on the way masculinity is interpreted. The civil war segregates people according to their gender, giving them specific roles to play. Society’s idea is that a man is the embodiment of power and authority and one who actively participates in the war, while the women are passively involved, and restricted to the domestic sphere. Based on the novel, â€Å"The Stone of Laughter†, by Hoda Barakat, masculinity in wartime is associated with men being patriotic and bravely fighting and shedding blood for the sake of their people. On the other hand, it seems as though the women s jobs in wartime is to clean up the disorder caused by the war and mourn the losses of the men. Khalil, a confused character that does not have a mark of gender, lives in his own phantasmagoric world, and possess a sense of femininity personally, and with respect to the war, until he is forced to conform to society s idea of masculinity through a violent and traumatic transformation. It is evident in the beginning of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Sharda 2036 Words   |  9 PagesChile on July the 12th 1904. His father was a railroad worker while his mother was a teacher who passed shortly after his birth. Neruda had two half siblings when growing up. Education He attended Temuco Boy’s School, where he published his first poems at the age of 13 under the name Pablo Neruda to the daily La Maà ±ana. This was because Neruda wished to hide his poetry from his father who was not in agreement with Neruda’s dream. Pablo Neruda choose this pseudonym as Jan Neruda (1834-1891) had inspiredRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Inferno And Thomas More s Satirical Dialogue `` Utopia ``1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout their stories. There are a plethora of accounts where irony is apparent, including the sceneries, dialogue, and titles that are portrayed in their work. This essay will examine and compare the uses of irony in Dante Alighieri’s narrative poem, Inferno and Thomas More’s satirical dialogue, Utopia. Dante’s Inferno describes distinctive uses of irony through the punishments inflicted on the sinners of God. One example of irony in Dante’s Inferno is when Dante travels through the third circleRead MoreThomas Hardy Poems16083 Words   |  65 Pagesabout my pilgrimage as pain. HAP ANALYSIS Firstly the word hap means that which happens by chance. The poem is a sonnet, although it is presented as three stanzas in that the traditional octave is split into two stanzas each of four lines and the sestet is a stanza on its own. The rhyme scheme is every other line rhymes. The poem reflects an atheist’s philosophy of life and is told from the point of view of a young man. The major themes in the poem are faith, and suffering. The speakerRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesUniversity of Leiden 14 June 2012 Department: Language and Culture of China Course: Visual Political Communication (BA3) Semester: Summer Semester 2011/2012 Lecturer: Florian Schneider Journey to the West A Textual-Visual Discourse Analysis Name: Stefan Ruijsch (Student No. 0620203) Major: Chinese Studies, BA 3 E-mail: s.ruijsch@umail.leidenuniv.nl Phone: 06-48369645 Address: Vrijheidslaan 256, 2321 DP Leiden Word Count: 9,387 Table of Contents pageRead MoreCreativity in Advertising15483 Words   |  62 Pagesadvertising campaign. In this case, a joint meeting of executives of the company and advertising agency is arranged to review the present marketing position of the company, with reference to: * The product. * The Consumers. * The Market Analysis. * The Competitive situation. In addition, special marketing problems faced by the company will be reviewed. This type of joint study prepares faced background for planning advertising campaign which is likely to give promising results. DetailedRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 Pagesaim. In our research we would like to concentrate our attention on â€Å"epithet†, a figure of speech which gives the opportunity to create the most expressive and vivid images. Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural - the lexical stylistic device the epithet as its component have not been fully investigated. This defines the actuality of the work and its theoretical value. The basic purpose of this course-paper is formulatedRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. The Cinema: Language or Language System? 31 Some Points in the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some TheoreticalRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesThe Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0 Jan 2006 - Robin Upton - http:// www.RobinUpton.com/research Contents Purpose........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Essay Books .......................................................................... 1 Impact of Essay Books ................Read MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesme set up the interviews with 1st tier suppliers to HM in Turkey. Thank you also to all my excellent fellow FLIPPers: Calle, Lotta, Chris, Mà ¥rten, Ã…ke, Lars, Thomas and Hà ¥kan at the IIIEE, Emma, Johan, AnneMarie and Kicki at Environmental Systems Analysis at Chalmers University, and all the other researchers that have contributed to the FLIPP programme though different projects. I always enjoyed our meetings and it has been a great privilege to learn from your research and your experiences. A veryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof systematic study. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. 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Report on Taj mahal Palace hotel, Mumbai free essay sample

Group purpose Attain leadership through business excellence in the sectors they Operate in, while upholding their values and integrity, to Improve the quality of life of the communities they serve. Group values Integrity Fair, honest, transparent in all dealings Understanding Care, respect, compassion for customers and colleagues Excellence Highest possible standards in quality of goods and services Unity Build strong relationships with partners and customers worldwide Responsibility What comes from the people goes back to the people many times over. The Leading hotels of India is dedicated to the highest standards of hospitality, services and continuous innovation for over a 100 years; today Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, spans across 5 continents totaling 83 hotels in 11 countries with 10,000 rooms. Who are IHCL ? a. Founded by Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata, we opened first hotel The Taj Mahal Palace % Tower, Mumbai in 19,03 and completed centenary year in 2003 b. The Indian Hotels Company Limited and its subsidiaries are collectively known as Taj hotels Resorts and Palaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Taj mahal Palace hotel, Mumbai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page c. Operates in the luxury, upper upscale, upscale and budget segments of the market. d. Recognized as one of Asias finest and largest hotel company, we are defines by style, warmth, heritage and the hospitality expertise. e. Over 22,000 employees across 83 hotels, in 11 countries and 5 continents dissolving national, cultural and language barriers to come together and offer the world a legendary experience called the Taj THE TAJ MAHAL PALACE MUMBAI The Taj Mahal Place, Mumbai, a gracious landmark of the Mumbai offers panoramic views of the Arabian Sea and the Gateway of India. Location: Located near Gateway of India, Apollo Bunder Air Space over The Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai only accessible by defense authorities. Local police station (Colaba) and Fire Station (Colaba) are within reach of 2-3 minutes driving time. Being located in a VIP zone, frequent patrolling done by Mumbai police Intelligence agencies. One Of The Original Grand Hotels Of The World Built in 103, the hotel is an architectural marvel, bringing together Moorish, Oriental and Florentine styles along with how casing contemporary Indian influences. It All Began With Jamsetji Tatas passion for the city he most loved Bombay (as it was formerly known) And, So came to life the Taj Mahal Palace in 1903 at the cost of a quarter million pounds. The Taj preceded the Gateway of India by over twenty years! The Palace Experiences Reinventing Services The Arrival Experience Warm Arrival Arrangements Jaguar / Bentley transfers The Personal Butler Attentive Discreet Impeccable The Palace Lounge Exclusive All day lounge Royal and plush lavish inclusive The Pool Experience Relax Rejuvenate Restore The Art Walk Experience Rich repertoire of contemporary Indian art Rare Antiques Fascinating journey The Departure Experience In Room Checkout Fond Farewell Quintessential Suite Experience The Taj Mahal Palace houses 42 generously appointed suites, each adorned with original paintings and period furniture to transport guests into a world of regal luxury and grandeur. The Tata Suite For the ultimate discerning traveler, this rich and authentic suite has been created, embodying the very essence of the India and offering unparallel luxury. Developed in honor of the founder, every area of the suite is being meticulously designs to reflect the glory of the heritage of the Tatas and captures the essence of fine living displayed by the founding fathers of the hotel. Elegant Grand Luxury Suites Transcending time, these picturesque suites are designed around a central theme, embodying the very essence of the Taj. A world for aesthetes where the artwork and antiques recreates old world charm with a blend of modern amenities and gracious personalized service. Prestigious Luxury Suites Combining contemporary and classic styles, the richly hued interiors of these suites exemplify luxurious living. Well Appointed Executive Suites Offers a spacious bedroom, living room, dining area and a large bathroom. Bright, airy and lavishly styled, these newly restored Executives Suites are aimed at pampering and creating a truly unforgettable experience for the guest at every touch point from the arrival until departure. Luxurious Guest Rooms The Taj Club Rooms Rich and stylish rooms with strong architectural backgrounds and sumptuous furnishings and materials-polished rosewood floors, sparkling white balustrade wainscoting echoing the fanciful forms of exterior balconies, the ceilings soaring upward, enriched with beams and arches that are reminiscent of the hotels atriums, the massively footed mahogany bed with a soaring headboard reminiscent of arches and elephant tusks. When one enters The Taj Club Rooms, they will be the culmination of the Taj experience The Taj Mahal Palace Rooms The corridors stand testimony to a century old heritage, with genuine artifacts and antiques gracing the aisles. Guests have a choice of rooms that overlook the city or pool or face the Gateway of India and the Arabian Sea The Taj Mahal Tower Rooms With its arched balconies topped by a jagged diadem, The Taj Mahal Tower stands in harmonious contrast to The Taj Mahal Palace. The rooms offer a refreshing mix of European style and Indian elegance. Signature Dining Experiences Dining Options Sea Lounge : Mumbais Legendary rendezvous overlooking the scenic Mumbai Harbor and the gateway of India Souk : An award-winning restaurant offering dishes from Iran, turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Greece and Morocco Shamiana : All day dining restaurant, offering a wide variety of choices from Indian and international cuisines The Zodiac grill : Recipient of the prestigious Wine Spectator Award of Excellence, creates an unforgettable ambience that perfectly complements its creative French cuisines and unrivalled service. Wasabi by Morimoto : This award winning restaurant offers a variety of Japanese delicacies with an array of delicious sakes and mouthwatering sushis. Starboard : Portside bar with a maritime theme welcomes you aboard for an evening. Masala Kraft : Blending aromatic Indian spices with modern cooking techniques, produces flavors that are a fresh and delicious, selection of traditional Indian favorites. -Harbour Bar : A stylish and sophisticated retreat for a drink or an informal meal, first opened its doors to the discerning Mumbai gentleman in 1933. Golden Dragon : Started in 1973, Indias first authentic Sichuan restaurant recently reopened with a contemporary new look. Aquarius : Indulge yourself at our relaxing outdoor lounge located by the pool, open to resident guests only. Events Occasions Today, The Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai offers 11 grand banquet rooms, tastefully refurbished to include the latest in business and state-of-art facilities, yet retaining the elegance and old-world charm. The catering services are overseen by Grand Executive Chef Hemant Oberoi, while a retinue of banquet planners and hospitality personnel ensure every event is managed with clockwork precision. The Crystal Room Crystal chandeliers, mirrored ceiling and baroque woodwork set the tone for an evening of glitter and sparkle the ideal venue for any affaire extraordinaire be it a corporate meet, high-profile product launch or lavish cocktail reception. The Ballroom Long been the venue of some of Bombays most historic meets and social events- has transformed into an efficient meeting room where technology is placed at your disposal, just a button away. But it just as easily transforms into a social setting with grateful arches, scalloped pillars and crystal chandeliers giving it an air of regal elegance. Wellness and Leisure The Jiva Spa Offer a spectrum of authentic and traditional Indian wellness treatments and experiences in a stylish and soothing ambience. Drawing from ancient Indian healing wisdom and Ayurveda. Jiva Spa believes that a spa unfold a way of life wherein the life force is the bedrock of wellness. Taj Air Taking its legendary hospitality to an all-new level, Taj introduced Taj Air an exclusively charter service that offers travelers higher levels of safety, efficiency and reliability in the comfort of their very own aircraft Taj Luxury Yacht Take to the sea with all modern Comforts you need including three-air-conditioned bedrooms, a salon complete with a Bar and entertainment system. Taj Luxury Shopping Boulevard Louis Vuitton, Zegna, Moschino, Mont Blanc, Ravissant, Dia, and Joy Shoes among others, featuring exclusive, leather goods, men and womans clothing, accessories, scarves, exquisitely crafted watches, elegant designer jewellery and writing instruments. Safety And Security Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces remains deeply committed towards the safety and security of all our patrons and staff. Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is reinforcing security measures in place, with particular emphasis on our hotels in all key locations. The state of preparedness of their hotels is based on a process of continual liaison with the police and security agencies, by our hotel security staff. We work with our security consultants from Israel and have a process if continual improvement as new technology and training becomes available. Some of the Security Measures are : Pneumatic Bollards Turnstile Reinforces Planters Training Report Training Schedule : 15th Nov 20th Nov Training Induction 20th Nov 02nd Dec Staff Cafeteria 03rd Dec 16th Dec Shamiana Service 17th Dec 23rd Dec Sea-Lounge Kitchen 24th Dec 30th Dec IRD Kitchen 31st Dec 06th Jan Butchery 07th Jan 13th Jan Shamiana Service 14th Jan 20th Jan Main Kitchen 21st Jan 27th Jan Front Office 28th Jan 03rd Feb Shamiana Service 04th Feb 10th Feb Housekeeping Tower 11th Feb 03rd Mar Housekeeping Palace 04th Mar 10th Mar Front Office 11th Mar 17th Mar Laundry 18th Mar 07th Apr Banquets 8th Apr 21st Apr Laundry Front Office Duration in the Department 2 weeks Weeks from 21st Jan,13 27th Jan,13 Worked Under Mrs. Pradnya Ingale (Asst. Guest Relations Manager) Mrs. Delphina (Asst to Executive Assistant Manager- Accommodations Mr. Mohit Gurnani) Mr. Viren Dsa ( Experience Manager ) Reporting Time 7:30 4:30 Work Performed : 1. Preparation of TIC (Taj Inner circle ) form and filling them up, using details of the guest present in Fidelio. Taj Inner circle was for guests who have stayed in the hotel for more than 10 times. This card could be upgraded to Taj Gold, Taj Silver and Taj Platinum. Updating guest folios on the system 2. Preparing VVIP Passes for the staff , This Card was made for security purposes. Also when there is some International High profile Guest comes to the hotel, presence of this pass was compulsory for the staff who ever comes in contact with the guest. 3. Filling of Guest Complaints, Guests who have travelled in the previous hotels and had found something unpleasant about the room or bad about the service often leaves a bad comment during checkout or through email and all these complaints are recorded in Taj Guest complaints Site which is accessible all over the world for the Taj front office. These complaints are used by the front office staff to inform all the other departments that such guests are in the hotel and so and so are the likes dislikes of the guest so please do the needful to make their stay pleasant in our hotel. E. g. A guest is allergic to peanuts and in the previous Taj hotel they had gone instead of informing the staff, the guest was served with peanuts so to avoid such incidents. 3. Preparing DYKM Circulars ( Do You Know Me) This circular is to inform everyone (all the staff) in the hotel that a high profile guest is in going to check-in the hotel and has certain likes dislikes. So do accordingly to make his stay pleasant in the hotel. Such guests have to be treated with proper care because they are a source of income to the hotel. if they get proper care and service once, it is obvious that the next time they visit the city it is for sure that theyll visit the hotel again. 4. Printing and Submitting of Guest VIP Guest Arrival Reports These reports are stored in the Fidelio under reports section. These Reports have to submitted to the General Managers office for making Welcome Cards for the guests. These cards are printed and personally signed by the G. M for all the guests. 5. Sorting of 9 lakh reports This reports are known as 9 lakhs report, also known as the Reg Card ( Registration Cards). These cards have all the necessary required details of the Guest such as the Xerox copy of the pan card, passport, driving license also of Visas if the guest is an international guest. 6. Slipping of Welcome Cards into guest rooms After the Welcome card is printed and signed by the G. M , it comes into the Front office for slipping them into the room. These Cards are they distributed into Suites, Palace Tower according to the Guest name, and the details are looked into Fidelio. SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS 10TH VISIT (RANGING FROM 5TH -15TH VISIT) 1 WELCOME LETTER FROM THE OPERATION MANAGER. 2 BOTTLE OF SPARKLING WINE. 3 UPG TO TAJ CLUB / EXECUTIVE SUITE (MIN 1 LEVEL) 25TH VISIT (RANGING FROM 24TH – 35TH VISIT) 1 WELCOME LETTER FROM THE OPERATION MANAGER. 2 BOTTLE OF SCOTCH. 3 UPG TO EXECUTIVE SUITE / LUXURY SUITE ( MIN 2 LEVEL) 50TH VISIT (RANGING FROM 49TH -70TH VISIT) 1 WELCOME LETTER FROM THE DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER / OPERATIONS MANAGER. 2 BOTTLE OF PREMIUM SCOTCH. 3 UPG TO GRAND LUXURY SUITE WITH A JAGUAR AT DISPOSAL DURING THE ENTIRE STAY. 100TH VISIT (RANGING FROM 99TH -110TH VISIT) 1 WELCOME LETTER FORM THE GENERAL MANAGER / DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER. 2 BOTTLE OF MOET DE CHANDON / DOM PERIGNON / BLUE LABEL. 3 UPG TO PRESIDENTIAL SUITE WITH BENTLEY AT DISPOSAL DURING THE ENTIRE STAY. House Keeping Tower Duration in the Department 1 weeks Weeks from 4th Feb,13 10th Feb,13 Worked Under Ms. Sheetal ( House Keeping Supervisor Tower Wing Mr. Vaibhav Patil ( Asst . House Keeping Supervisor Tower Wing Mr. Prahlad ( Housekeeper) Reporting Time 7:30 4:00 Work Performed In Housekeeping department, all the HK staff had to report to work at 7:30 for a prayer. Then they are allotted a particular floor and rooms to be cleaned. I was placed under Mr. Prahlad, I had to help him in cleaning the rooms. Task performed by me where removing all the linen from the bed such as bed sheets, duvet cover, pillow cover, good night mats etc. And after removing, putting of fresh linens. Other works were Dusting of room, Placing Shaving kit, Toothbrush-toothpaste kit, Shampoo, Conditioner, Body lotions. Cleaning of mirror properly so that not a single stain remains on them. Vacuuming of balcony and room, It should be properly done so that not a single piece of paper, hair or any foreign material remains on them, The room should be made as good as new. The staff cleans a room in less than 20 minutes, and makes sure that all the work allotted to him are completed within the allotted time. Magical Moments in Housekeeping The Housekeeping staff creates unique experiences for the guests for their important occasions and makes it more special for the guest, Bee it a honeymoon, anniversary or any special occasion, they create an unforgettable experience for the guest. The standards that need to be followed are as mentioned: STANDARD: Guest birthdays and anniversaries should be acknowledged by extending greetings and appropriate amenities to enhance brand loyalty and develop a relationship between Hotel and the guests. Public Area Duration in the Department 3 weeks Weeks from 11th Feb,13 3rd Mar,13 Worked Under Mrs. Renu Madhok (Executive Housekeeping Manager) Reporting Time 7:30 4:00 Work Performed In Public area, we had to work from 8:00 am till 12:00 am then 2 hours break then we had to report to Housekeeping office for the briefing . Restaurants and Banquets were allotted to clean. In restaurants, the tables, Wine Racks, Side Skirts, Mirrors, Under the tables, Mirror frames, Show piece racks were to be cleaned. and in banquets the brackets are to be cleaned, the side skirts, the chandeliers are cleaned very carefully their glasses are removed, cleaned properly and then are put back again. The Banquets are vacuumed properly so that not a single foreign material remains on the floors such as paper, withered flower petals, pins etc. Before every banquet function, the banquet hall thoroughly checked to see that the hall is properly cleaned Conference floors were also allotted to clean , in these floors we had to clean the side skirts, the frames, paintings which were to be cleaned very carefully, the tables, the chairs, the cupboards, the Television set, the Computer, the Air conditioner skirts etc. Areas cleaned under public area were Rendezvous, Ballroom, Crystal room, Golden room 1 2, Emerald Jade, Sapphire, Gateway Princess room under banquets and Souk, Zodiac grill, Starboard, Golden Dragon, Wasabi by morimoto, Harbour Bar under restaurants. Laundry Duration in the Department 3 weeks Weeks from 11th Mar,13 17th Mar,13 8th Apr,13 21st Apr,13 Worked Under Mr. Dheeraj ( Laundry Supervisor) Reporting Time 7:30 4:00 Work Performed Segregating of Pillow covers into palace and tower. Segregating of napkins and Placing of napkin for ironing in the D-Hooge Roller. untangling of Duvet covers. and placing them in the big iron roller. Segregating of Goodnight mats and placing them for ironing. Segregating of ironed napkins and placing differently as per banquets and restaurants. Segregating of Bath Towels, hand towels, face towels, Shower mats. Placing Scarfs for ironing. Food And Beverage Restaurant Shamiana Duration in the Department 4 weeks Weeks from 3rd Dec,12 16th Dec,12 7th Jan,13 13th jan,13 28th Jan,13 3rd Feb,13 Worked Under Mr. Hemang Parmar ( Restaurant Manager) Mr. Raj Shetty ( Asst. Rest Manager) Mr. Melwin ( Asst. Rest manager) Reporting Time 7:00 am 5:30-6:00pm Charges a. Breakfast- Rs. 1500 b. Lunch – Rs. 2900 c. Weekend Brunch – Rs. 3500 Work Performed Reporting to work at 7:00am to attend the briefing. I was allotted the Toast station for the breakfast as well a to look after the Buffet and egg station simultaneously. I had to toast White and Brown ( whole wheat) breads. and also to deliver it to guest tables. The breakfast timing was from 6:00am to 10:00am. I was also giving the work of handling Juice counter and also to take various types of juice on the salver and ask the guest if they would like some. After the breakfast we had to clear the toast counter, as well as the buffet and clear the whole buffet table. Then we had to do the setup for the lunch buffet. For lunch we had to go and do the pick up from gardemanger for the cold food and Pastry for the desserts. The starting of the buffet were all the cold food, salads and to make it look appealing there were 3 food carvings were placed and in the weekend instead of food carvings a big ice carving was placed, which was made my Chef from gardemanger. Then there were Main course kept and then the desserts at another table. The Lunch timing was from 1:00pm to 2:30pm. After which the whole buffet was cleared, the remaining food was all either eaten by the staff or disposed off. The carving were sent back to gardemanger. On Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday we were sent to Aquarius after 5:00 to do the Barbeque setup, for the barbeque setup, we had to bring Ice, and barbeque plates and do a complete stall setup for it. and The Aquarius is only for the resident guests and the Barbeque Stall only opens during Winter season. Banquets Duration in the Department 3 weeks Weeks from 18rd Mar,13 9th Apr,13 Worked Under Mr. Javed Deshmukh Mr. Urvan Talati Mr. Mohit Vichare Reporting Time 7:00 am Work Performed Filling up of the trolley with all the items required for the Tea and coffee service. Putting up of the frill on the table for Tea and coffee setup. Doing Tea -Coffee setup, placing of all the items on the table and all the extra ones under the table. making of tea coffee according to the guest demands. Setting up of the Buffet Counter, Doing clearance, Setting up of covers on the table Setting up of table for Sit down Service and doing sit down service for the guests. Handled a Tea Coffee Service of 150-200 guests in Golden Room all alone because the banquets was too busy and every staff was busy in some other banquets. For different function, different types of setups and decorations were used. Events happened in the following days were IIT Bombay- Washington University, Rotary of Mumbai, ASNO ( Asiatic Society of Neuro-Oncology ), Engagement and Wedding. Food Production Staff Cafeteria Duration in the Department 2 weeks Weeks from 20th Nov,12 2nd Dec,12 Worked Under Mr. Sakharam Patil (Head Chef) Mr. Sameer (Asst. Head Chef) Reporting Time 7:00 am 3:00pm Work Performed Reporting to work was at 7 , Started with chopping of Onions. Chopped 4 crates of ladyfingers alone, took 3 hours for the work, Chopped Cucumbers. Chopped carrots, Tomatoes, Bottle gourd. Peeled carrots, Bottle gourd, cucumbers. Helped in preparation of Paneer tikka, Chicken Cutlets, Kulfi, Veg Korma, Mix Vegetables, Chicken Kheema. Made Papad. Marinated Chicken with tandoori masala for Midnight snacks. Sea Lounge Kitchen Duration in the Department 1 weeks Weeks from 20th Nov,12 2nd Dec,12 Worked Under Mr. Harpreet Singh ( Asst. Head Chef ) Mr. Agashya ( Head Chef) Reporting Time 7:00 am 3:00pm Work Performed Chopping of fruits, Making of Akuri ( A dish which is similar to Indian Egg-Bhurji but in akuri Onions and Ginger and garlic paste is also used). Prepared Tar tare Sauce. Chef Harpreet was very good as well as persuasive, he wanted me to grasp each and every thing that I can from his restaurant, but the same was not seen in the Head Chef, he was avoiding me on giving any work instead was just telling me to get things from other departments such as fruits, bacon etc. But because of Chef Harpreet I was able to learn many things such as Presentation, which he says is the Important part of plating of food which is indeed true, learnt how to make chat items of all kinds, Made roastee, frying of fish. Made French toast. Prepared Hollandaise sauce. Also the area your working at should always be kept neat and tidy. I. R. D Kitchen ( In-Room Dining) Duration in the Department 1 weeks Weeks from 24th Dec,12 30th Dec,12 Worked Under Chef Daruwalla ( Head Chef ) Chef Apurva ( Head Chef ) Reporting Time 12:00 pm 8:00pm Work Performed Every day after coming to work i had to go and check the Walk-In, just in case if the walk in is dirty I had to clean it and place everything properly, and see if the tagging of all the food items are properly done or not. Cleaning An Roasting of Bacon Everyday around 14 packets of bacon are cleaned and roasted for IRD as well as Shamiana restaurant and Sea Lounge at the IRD Kitchen. These bacon are cleaned and all the fat are removed and they are placed on a butter paper properly aligned in a Steel tray and kept in the oven. after around 15 minutes they are removed and the juice is separated from the bacon and the bacon is ready. Making of Sausages Pork and chicken sausages were made and while making these sausages, little amount of oil is used on them or else it will either burn them or change the taste of the sausage. Prepared akuri, porridge, Bechamel sauce and Pan Cake Batter. Butchery Duration in the Department 1 weeks Weeks from 31st Dec 12 6th Jan 13 Worked Under Mr. Vishwanath (Head Chef) Mr. Pranay ( Asst. Head Chef) Reporting Time 8:30 am 4:00pm Work Performed De-skinning of Chicken, Cutting of Chicken, Removing wings, Separating Chicken breasts and from chicken breasts, removing chicken supreme. Making chicken tikka pieces. Preparing chicken kheema. Tagging and Packing of Different meat products. Making Lamb racks. Preparing beef fillets, beef heads. De-veining of prawns and removing of its outer shell. Learnt to De-skin and clean chicken in less than 5-minutes. Main Kitchen Duration in the Department 1 weeks Weeks from 14th Jan, 13 20th Jan, 13 Worked Under Chef Sagar Chef Ramu Chef Farhan Reporting Time 9:00 am 6:00pm Work Performed Worked under Non-Veg and Entremets Section. Preparing Cheese chilly tartlets. Making bechamel Sauce. Chopping of Olives and Slicing of Onions. Preparing lasagna Frying of Fish, Preparing Chicken Cutlets, Preparing Chicken Tikka, Frying of Chicken. Stacking of all the food properly in the Walk-in. Preparing Cheese wontons, Pepper Jalapenos, Lamb Cutlets, Chicken tikka, Veg Hariyali Kebab, Fish pepper. Q. How different was your on Job training different from the theoretical inputs given in the college ? And what is your learning outcome of this ? A. From my entire industrial training exposure, I have gained more knowledge about the hotel industry and its functions. Learning things in theory and applying them in real life is totally different, when it comes to applying them in situations makes them 10 times harder. And when you are facing problems it makes you learn quicker and makes you remember things better. Also, The hotel Industry Changes very quickly, just like the Technology Industry, Hotel industry also keeps on changing . Therefore, Colleges should be well connected to whats the new thing thats happening in the Hotel and what all new technologies are being used and what all old things are removed and instead new thing that are implemented in the hotel. So that Students should well prepared while going to the industry and on implementing them. So my learning outcome from this Industrial training is that I can handle any situation easily with the theoretical as well practical knowledge that I have acquired. Also learning about new things has increased my thinking capability, on how a hotel works and how you have to generate revenue through your speaking ability to keep your source of income alive. Q . Which is Your Chosen Department and How do you propose to be the best in department ? A. My chosen department is Front Office. Only because from Day-1, I had a special interest in this part of the hotel industry. And after acquiring a particular set of practical knowledge, now I have to just work on improving it better so that when the time comes on applying it into use I can do way more better than what i did in my Industrial Training. Also the Hotel keeps on changing so i have to very well in touch with whats going around the hotel industry so as to be aware of what all new methods and technologies are used. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT Just like the airlines have an Online boarding pass through an E-Ticket, in a similar way, the hotel could have a check-in form online, at the time of their reservation after the payment has been settled, so that they are not kept waiting for manually filling the form and wasting time. This can be done with the existing TIC guests as the hotel already has all their information. As a similar process is already been carried out for repeat clientele, this should be done for first timers as well, to save time. My second suggestion is that, industrial trainees should be given some more exposure along with some responsibility under a seniors guidance to get better learning experience. My overall experience has been great at the Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai. The managers and the working staff have played a major role in my development and working as an industrial trainee at the Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai. Thank You.

QUINTO INFORME SOBRE LA SITUACIN DE LOS DERECHOS Essays

QUINTO INFORME SOBRE LA SITUACIN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS EN GUATEMALA CAPTULO X LOS DERECHOS DE LOS PUEBLOS INDGENAS Introduccin 1. Los derechos humanos de los individuos y pupueblos indgenas de Guatemala, aproximadamente la mitad de la poblacin total, han sido objeto de constante atencin de la Comisin[1]. El pueblo maya, el mayor en nmero de integrantes, comprende las comunidades lingsticas Achi', Akateco, Awakateco, Ch'orti', Chuj, Itza, Ixil, Popti', Q'anjob'al, Kaqchikel, K'iche', Mam, Mopan, Poqomam, Pocomchi', Q'eqchi', Sakapulteko, Sipakapense, Tektiteko, Tz'utujil y Uspanteco.[2] La poblacin indgena esta tambin integrada por los pocos sobrevivientes del antiguo pueblo xinca, y por el pueblo garfuna, este ltimo de races indgenas y africanas ubicado en areas cercanas a la costa atlntica de Guatemala. 2. Por su conformacin poblacional Guatemala es un Estado multitnico, multilinge y pluricultural. 3. La poblacin de Guatemala es en su mayora rural. El 65%[3] de los habitantes residen en zonas rurales, y de ellos 52%[4] son indgenas, mayora que es ms pronunciada en los departamentos alejados de la capital. Los indgenas constituyen algo menos de la mitad de la poblacin urbana[5]. 4. Los indgenas en Guatemala histricamente han sido discriminados tnicamente, constituyen gran parte de la poblacin pobre o en extrema pobreza y son mayora en los departamentos con los ms altos ndices de exclusin social. Lo mismo ocurre en asentamientos urbanos marginales. Sin embargo, rurales o urbanos, mantienen en todas las regiones, una actividad y organizacin social intensa y una cultura rica y en continua adaptacin a las exigencias de los cambios histricos, defendiendo y desarrollando su identidad cultural. A. Marco jurdico 5. La legislacin en Guatemala contiene una serie de normas especficas y dispersas, de rango constitucional y legal, sobre los pueblos indgenas. La tendencia legislativa de la ltima dcada en esta materia se ha caracterizado por incorporar en el ordenamiento legal normas de reconocimiento y proteccin en favor de los indgenas, en relacin por ejemplo con la proteccin del nio o la nia indgena, la promocin de la educacin bilinge intercultural, la creacin de instituciones de proteccin y defensa de la mujer indgena, entre otras. 6. La Constitucin Poltica de la Repblica reconoce que el Estado est formado por diversos grupos tnicos y asegura reconocer, respetar y promover sus formas de vida, costumbres y tradiciones. Proteccin a grupos tnicos. Guatemala est formada por diversos grupos tnicos entre los que figuran los grupos indgenas de ascendencia maya. El Estado reconoce, respeta y promueve sus formas de vida, costumbres, tradiciones, formas de organizacin social, el uso del traje indgena en hombre y mujeres, idiomas y dialectos. [6] 7. En 1997 entr en vigencia en Guatemala el Convenio 169, sobre pueblos indgenas y tribales en pases independientes, de la Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo (O.I.T.) que es el instrumento internacional de derechos humanos especfico ms relevante para los derechos de los indgenas, que establece que : Los pueblos indgenas y tribales debern gozar plenamente de los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales, sin obstculos ni discriminacin. Las disposiciones de este Convenio se aplicarn sin discriminacin a los hombres y mujeres de esos pueblos.[7] B. LOS INDGENAS GUATEMALTECOS Y EL CONFLICTO ARMADO (1962-1996) 8. La cifra total de vctimas de la violencia politica en este perodo ha sido estimada por investigaciones y estudios en ms de doscientas mil, sea personas muertas o desaparecidas forzosamente, consecuencia del conflicto armado en Guatemala ocurrido entre los aos 1962 y 1996.[8] La gran mayora de las vctimas fueron guatemalteco-mayas. 9. Los guatemalteco-mayas representaron el 83% de las vctimas plenamente identificadas por la Comisin para el Esclarecimiento Histrico[9], (CEH) en su trabajo de documentacin de las violaciones de los derechos humanos y hechos de violencia vinculados al enfrentamiento armado. En su labor de documentacin la CEH identific 42.275[10] vctimas hombres, mujeres y nios de las que 23.671 fueron vctimas de ejecuciones arbitrarias y 6.159 vctimas de desaparicin forzada. 10. La poltica contrainsurgente en Guatemala se caracteriz en varios perodos por acciones militares destinadas a la destruccin de grupos y comunidades como tales, as como al desplazamiento geogrfico de comunidades indgenas cuando se las consideraba posibles auxiliares de la guerrilla. En el perodo ms violento del conflicto armado (1978-1983), bajo las presidencias de los generales Romeo Lucas Garca (1978-1982) y Efran Ros Montt (1982-1983) los operativos militares se concentraron en Quich, Huehuetenango, Chimaltenango, Alta y Baja Verapaz, costa sur y ciudad de Guatemala. 11. Las masacres en las aldeas Plan Snchez y Dos Erres ocurridas en 1982 son ejemplos dolorosos de la poltica de exterminio en contra de las comunidades indgenas. El exterminio

How to Grow Aragonite Crystals

How to Grow Aragonite Crystals Its easy to grow aragonite crystals! These sparkly crystals only require vinegar and a rock. Growing crystals is a fun way to learn about geology and chemistry. Materials To Grow Aragonite Crystals You only need two materials for this project: Dolomite rocksHousehold vinegar Dolomite is a common mineral. It is the basis for dolomite clay, which should also work for crystals, but if you grow them on a rock you get a beautiful mineral specimen. If you use clay, you might want to include another rock or a sponge as a base or substrate to support crystal growth. You can find the rocks at a store or online or you can play rockhound and collect them yourself. How To Grow the Crystals This is one of the easiest crystal-growing projects. Basically, you just soak the rock in vinegar. However, here are a couple of tips for the best crystals: If your rock is dirty, rinse it off and let it dry.Place a rock in a small container. Ideally, it will be slightly bigger than the rock, so you dont have to use a lot of vinegar. Its okay if the rock sticks out of the top of the container.Pour vinegar around the rock. Make sure you leave an exposed space at the top. The crystals will start to grow at the liquid line.As the vinegar evaporates, aragonite crystals will start to grow. Youll start to see the first crystals in a day. Depending on temperature and humidity, you should start to see really good growth around 5 days. It may take up to 2 weeks for the vinegar to completely evaporate and produce crystals as big as possible.You can remove the rock from the liquid whenever you are satisfied with the appearance of the aragonite crystals. Handle them carefully, as they will be brittle and fragile. What Is Aragonite? Dolomite is the source of the minerals used to grow the aragonite crystals. Dolomite is a sedimentary rock often found along the shores of ancient oceans. Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate. Aragonite is found in hot mineral springs and in some caves. Another calcium carbonate mineral is calcite. Aragonite sometimes crystallizes into calcite. Aragonite and calcite crystals are chemically identically, but aragonite forms orthorhombic crystals, while calcite displays trigonal crystals. Pearls and mother of pearl are other forms of calcium carbonate.

African-American History and Women Timeline (1930-1939)

African-American History and Women Timeline (1930-1939) 1930 Black women called for white Southern women to oppose lynching; in response, Jessie Daniel Ames and others founded the Association for the Prevention of Lynching (1930-1942), with Ames as director. Annie Turnbo Melone (business executive and philanthropist) moved her business operations to Chicago. Lorraine Hansberry was born (playwright, wrote Raisin in the Sun). 1931 Nine African-American Scottsboro Boys (Alabama) were accused of raping two white women and convicted quickly. The trial focused national attention on the legal plight of African-Americans in the South. (February 18) Toni Morrison was born (writer; first African-American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature). (March 25) Ida B. Wells (Wells-Barnett) died (muckraking journalist, lecturer, activist, anti-lynching writer and activist). (August 16) ALelia Walker died (executive, arts patron, Harlem Renaissance figure). 1932 Augusta Savage began the largest art center in the US at the time, the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts in New York. 1933 Caterina Jarboro performed the title role in Verdis Aida at the Chicago Civic Opera. (February 21) Nina Simone born (pianist, singer; Priestess of Soul). (-1942) Civilian Conservation Corp employed more than 250,000 African-American women and men. 1934 (February 18) Audre Lorde was born (poet, essayist, educator). (December 15) Maggie Lena Walker died (banker, executive). 1935 The National Council of Negro Women was founded. (July 17) Diahann Carroll was born (actress, first African-American woman to star in a television series). 1936 Mary McLeod Bethune was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the National Youth Administration as Director of Negro Affairs, the first major appointment of an African-American woman to a federal position. Barbara Jordan was born (politician, first African-American woman from the South elected to Congress). 1937 Zora Neale Hurston published Their Eyes Were Watching God. (June 13) Eleanor Holmes Norton was born (though some sources give her date of birth as April 8, 1938). 1938 (November 8) Crystal Bird Fauset was elected to the Pennsylvania House, becoming the first African-American woman state legislator. 1939 (July 22) Jane Matilda Bolin was appointed justice of the Domestic Relations Court of New York, becoming the first African-American woman judge. Hattie McDaniel became the first African-American to win the Best Supporting Actress Oscar- about playing the role of a servant, she said, Its better to get $7,000 a week for playing a servant than $7 a week for being one. Marian Anderson, denied permission to sing at a Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) hall, performed outdoors for 75,000 at the Lincoln Memorial. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from the DAR in protest of their refusal. Marian Wright Edelman was born (lawyer, educator, reformer).

Palestine Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Palestine Crisis - Essay Example Moreover, the Arabs argued that Israel without rhyme or reason had denied them access to their religious worship sites which were on the region. This included the Al-Assa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock (Brynen & El-Rifai, 2007). The notion spread abroad and some Jews living abroad developed a feeling that they were being excluded from specific parts in the society because of the presence of anti-Semitism forms in their midst. In addition, they believed that equality could not exist between them and the other European tribes since tribes which were not theirs were totally not interested in the issues that were affecting them. They, therefore, considered themselves to be second class citizens compared to other citizens coming from other European States. The hatred they felt amongst themselves drove them to form a political apparatus where they could freely stand up for their civil rights. Their intentions and ideologies in the begging were pure with secular connotations, but when reli gious Zionism was introduced, they joined as one and changed their ideology with their sole intention geared towards provoking conflict in the land. However, Zionism was strongly opposed by many for different purposes. Their objective was to acquire land for the Jews to be considered as country and they used different approaches to make this a success. Initially, the Zionist tried to figure out different ways to make the Jews leave the country for them. They knew that by constructing a building in the land of Israel, the Jews would be quickly attracted to the region and they partially succeeded in this because some Jews had started to purchase... This essay stresses that the Jewish at the time were very spiritual and they considered Israel, which is currently a nation to be a sacred place for worshipping God. They were further promoted by the biblical writings which argued that Jerusalem was a city of God. They believed that this land was promised to them by God and that the land was them as an eternal gift from God. Therefore, they did not take it lightly when strangers visited the land or possessed possession within it (Selby, 2003). Even after they came out of the country, many amongst them always longed to return to the land. The idea is still being nurtured by a sect amongst the Jewish like the religious Zionist who view the current resettlement process as part of God’s wider plan to see it become a reality. This paper makes a conclusion that the Palestine crisis has led to untold suffering amongst individuals who have kept the past to stick to their hearts. Finding a solution to the on going crisis will bring to an end the hatred that is felt by both conflicting sides and will lead to peace in the conflict torn region. The numerous peace negotiations between the two conflicting sides are symbol of hope for peace as different issues are addressed in these negotiations. In my opinion, because of the numerous challenges faced by the two sides in their attempts to find solutions, all sides should place an intense effort and should have an open and realistic mind during the negotiation process to find a peaceful solution for both Israel and Palestine.

Valourec Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Valourec Case Analysis - Essay Example The adoption of better technology in the production process yield stunning result in its outcome. If the company chooses most feasible and comfortable method of production in its operation, they can come up with unique feature to the market with modest feature.However its implementation process requires high cost and it cannot affordable to the small and medium scale enterprise due to heavy initial investment. Vallourec was a well motivated a strong personality who aimed to upgrade his production in to world class.The present world is considered as the era of science and technology. Hence due to his well wish, his company could reach countries top most metal tubing manufacturer within a short time. The chemical and gas field requires a huge investment, Technology, Skilled labor and mechanism. If the company follows modern technology and unique production method, they can come up with most efficient low cost product in to the market. The quickest process called by the injunction moldi ng process, which is a highly developed technology adopted by the Vallourec under its steel production process. So here the company was highly interested in developing the quickset process to reduce the production process and to increase the efficiency in the production process. Yet it is a unique production method and it is a adoptable to the metals due to its microscopic layer. The development of technology may incur several time with different stages throughout the process. However the strong desire of the management helped the company to become one of the major manufacturers of metal tubes in the country. However this case study is an attempt to give information on the adoption of modern technology and unique production method than the traditional method of production. Hence this case study reveals the truth, which is involved in the production process by the application of best practice in its operation. Identification of key issues, problems, and opportunities and Evaluation of alternative strategic approaches to deal with the identified problems Vellore's Venture case is one of the most successful cases in the Metal melting process industry. The ultimate aim of every business magnate is to maximize their wealth with a limited risk and prospects. So they require higher return to their heavy investment with in a limited period. Hence the business would modify according to its area of business and the best available methods to operate. Similarly in this case they corporation applied several techniques and methods to get higher return and outcome with a limited effort than the market competitor. The technological innovation gives most suitable and feasible solution to the conventional method of production, where the company can avoid the traditional method of production and come up with unique product to the market. Due to its operation it may suffer several internal as well as the external problems. Let us evaluate the main problems and how it helped to the Vellore's venture to become no one metal producer in the country. Similar to the other metal melting industry the Vellore's has its own issues and problems in the business mater. Yet the company could manage the problem with its effective future plans and strategies. The first and foremost issues related to the process are raising cost. The cost problem is common to almost all business enterprise in the world. However the cost is the major problem and it caused to rise in its price. The rising in the general price of Gas and its material would be a great burden to the Vellore's industry. The slumping sales in the major market hit a heavy burden to the company due to constant increase in the operational cost. So it leads the company in to the situation, where it couldn't estimate the operational cost of its north steel process. Yet on the ultimate stage it could recover its cost in to profitable on due to fell in the oil price in 1979. However it is generally reflecting the issues that the company had been following the conventional

Persuasive Writing Assignment Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Writing Assignment Essay Rebellion is when one refuses to accept authority. The transition of childhood into adulthood is most often represented by actions of rebellious nature. The average teen is always looking for away to escape conformity. Two pieces of work that express a common theme of rebellion and conformity are, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Conspiracy Theory starting Mel Gibson and Julia Roberts. Both pieces express this common theme of rebellious and conformity in a society that simply won’t allow it. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye the main character, Holden Caulfield, goes through many hardships in trying to search for his place in society. Holden rebels throughout the whole book against rules, schools, and people that he encountered. An example of Holden’s external conflict with conformity was on his date with Sally. At the end of their date, Holden shares a dream of running away with her to escape the normalcy in everyday society, â€Å"I have about a hundred and eighty bucks in the bank. I can take it out when it opens in the morning, and then I could go down and get this guys car. No kidding. Well stay in these cabin camps and stuff like that till the dough runs out,† (Page 132). How the movie Conspiracy Theory is related to The Catcher in the Rye, is that the movie’s main character Jerry Fletcher is a New York City Taxi driver who is always telling people that a list events trigged in the world are done by Government conspiracies but he never seems to get anywhere with his theories. However one of the conspiracies comes true and the CIA is trying to shut Jerry up before he does anymore damage. Now the reason why these two are connected is because, in both cases each character are trying to achieve being different and don’t want to be tied down by what other people tell them to do. In Jerry’s case he is trying to tell the truth about these theories to the general public and try to raise awareness about it before it’s too late. In Holden’s case, he feels that he needs to escape this sort of normalcy that exists in his society. The example of running away and living in the country has everything to do with conformity. The external conflict that both characters face have to do with making sure they don’t fall into the trap that society has set out of them and to try and achieve the impossible in a impossible world. Both Jerry and Holden always fee that they are being alienated in society and both are trying to find a purpose in life.

The Indian Awakening In Latin America :: essays research papers

The Indian Awakening in Latin America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book describes difficulties of the Indians who inhabit the following countries: Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Panama, and Brazil. This book is a compilation of the various struggles of indians living in these countries of Latin America. For over four centuries, these people have been taken advantage of by the Europeans who invaded their lands. Many of the customs and traditions of the Indians in Latin America have struggled for survival throughout the centuries from the problems that the whites have caused. Latin American Indians have struggled through hardships created by the whites that include a loss of lands, slavery, discrimination, a complete rearrangement of their beliefs and cultures, ethnocide, and genocide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Latin American Indians have struggled for centuries since the invasions of their lands to reclaim their lands, and way of life. The lands for them is not simply dirt for them to cultivate. The various Indian cultures have lived with their lands in harmony for thousands of years. The land to them is their sense of identity in which they respectfully care for and live with in harmony. The land which they once owned was meticulously cared for and the lessons which they learned of respect for nature was passed down to their children for generations. Much of the land they once owned was stolen from them when the Europeans invaded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another aspect which was described in this book was religion and the effects it had on the natives of Latin America. The Catholic church was forced upon many of the Indians when the European, mainly Spanish, ideologies were forced upon the Indians. The church claimed to want to help them to enrich thier lives and help their communities. The new church soon forced the natives to work for many days without any pay. The impression of the church was forcfully imposed on them in many ways. The Europeans believed that the Indians were not equall to them. The believed the Indians did not know any better, and the religion they followed wasn't the true one. If the Indians didn't want to worship the Catholic religion, harm was given to them oftentimes. Religion has always been an important life to the Indians of Latin America. It has been an integral part of their life for thousands of years. Although disputs about religion has been going on since the beginning of time, the pressure which the Spanish settlers imposed on them was one which was integrated with dominance. The dominance which was imposed on the Indians of Latin Americans when the Spanish settlers arrived, stripped the Indians rights to have the freedom to

Why Are Teenagers Stressed?

Why Are Teenagers Stressed? BY Testators Can you trust everything you see or hear now-a-days? The media Is full of constant propaganda, propaganda which brainwashes the minds of young people. Children as young as 3 are already worrying about their appearances, as seen on the television shows such as ‘Toddlers and Tiaras. ‘ I believe the media has a much stronger impact on teenagers than any other age group. Everywhere you go, there will always be that â€Å"look,† that celebrities have and that every young person aspires to look like.Teenage girls will go to all extents in order to achieve the media's perception of a beautiful woman, when in fact few teenagers know that what they are seeing In magazines and on billboards are not In fact real humans, but they are what society has created. When parents think their children are safe at home, they are wrong. Young people's minds are being filled with poison which is also known as the perfect image.Shows such as ‘ Keeping up with the Sardinian,' Toddlers and Tiaras,' ‘America's next top model,' ‘Jersey Shore,' and '16 and Pregnant,' are giving teenagers the wrong idea that you must be ‘slim, fake, very award, and covered In make-up' to be considered anything near beautiful. Shows such as these are giving the Impression that you must be a specific way to be successful and/or notorious. This already creates large numbers of very unconcealed women, as they feel they are not ‘beautiful, ‘because they are not covered in make-up.These types of situations create stress for teenagers as they feel they must look a certain way to be deemed beautiful. When asked, 87% of British teenagers claimed to be unhappy with their physiques and 64% of those under 13 had already turned to tenting In order to lose weight as stated by In the Dally Mall Newspaper article. Many teenagers are pressured by their families Into doing well in their GASES_ This makes them feel like they must do well in order to keep their families happy. I can speak from personal experiences when I say that I felt even more pressured because I knew that my family were expecting good grades from me.This creates a large amount of stress for teenagers as they feel they must do well in order to make their families proud and In order to go to university to get a good job. It is said by the majority of the elder generation that going to university means that you will have a better future as you will get a good Job, which entails a larger salary as opposed to someone who did not attend university. This is not necessarily true as people who do not attend university can still manage to get a well-paid Job. Also, family members may expect their child to do a specific profession which the child themselves does not want to do.This means that the teenager Is pushed into schools which allow the best support in he subjects which will open pathways to these careers. This can also create higher levels as s tress as teenagers are being forced Into doing a subject they do not wish to do, which makes it more challenging to succeed, thus creating more stress. The teenagers which come from working class families, unfortunately, have it a lot harder than those that come from middle class or upper class families. A working class teenager may be pressured by their families to get a job as soon as possible in order to help out their living situation.This can create stress because distributing enough mime for school and work can not only be exasperating but It can also be difficult. At the case for those which come from working class families. Not only can teenagers be stressed from working, they can also be stressed as they are being put into a situation where money is a problem and they are constantly living under the threat that certain necessities may be cut off due to an outstanding bill payment or something as extreme as being kicked out the house. Society has a large impact on the amount of stress that a teenager has.By society I mean all things surrounding hem, media (as I previously discussed), friends, and the general public. Whether you want to admit it or not, everywhere you go, everything you do, you are always being judged, by everyone. Many people are aware of this whilst others aren't. The fact that we live in a country where everyone is Judged by the color of their skin, the way they present themselves and by their appearances makes it a more difficult place to fully be accepted. This applies stress to young people as they feel they need to be accepted in society by becoming something that they are now.The factor which disheartens me the most is that in society you are expected to be a specific way In order to be accepted and if you are anything other than ‘perfect,' you are looked upon as ‘morally wrong. ‘ Which leads me onto my next point, the general public (specifically the older generation) has generalized teenagers as being anti-so cial and rude when in fact only a minority of teens are actually this. By generalizing an age group based upon a few individuals can make it more challenging for the younger generation to speak their mind and have their voices heard.This also creates stress by making teenagers feel as if they are not important because of what they are depicted as. To sum up, teenagers have many reasons to feel like they have a build-up of stress, but I believe the two main factors are family and education as most of teenagers spend the majority of their time either in school and/or in the presence of their families. This means that they are constantly being told what to do, what to achieve and what is expected of them. Which makes life as a teen more difficult than it needs to be.

Question: Discounted Cash Flow

Exam 2 Part 2 Answer any EIGHT of the ten questions. Each question is worth 5 points. Return your answers to me by 11:59 PM Sunday 11 November 2012 1. A number of publicly traded firms pay no dividends yet investors are willing to buy shares in these firms. How is this possible? Does this violate our basic principle of stock valuation? Explain. Our basic principle of stock valuation is that the value of a share of stock is simply equal to the present value of all of the expected dividends on the stock.According to the dividend growth model, an asset that has no expected cash flows has a value of zero, so if investors are willing to purchase shares of stock in firms that pay no dividends, they evidently expect that the firms will begin paying dividends at some point in the future. 2. Explain why some bond investors are subject to liquidity risk, default risk, and/or taxability risk. How does each of these risks affect the yield of a bond? Liquidity problems exist in thinly traded bond s making some bonds difficult to sell at their actual value. Default risk is the likelihood the corporation will default on its bond obligations.Taxability risk reflects the fact that some bonds are taxed disadvantageously compared to others. If any of these risks exist, investors will require compensation by demanding a high yield. 3. The discussion of asset pricing in the text suggests that an investor will be indifferent between two bonds which have equal yields to maturity as long as they have equivalent default risk. Can you think of any real-world factors which might make a given investor prefer one of these bonds over the other? 4. Why do corporations issue 100-year bonds, knowing that interest rate risk is highest for very long-term bonds?How does the interest rate risk affect the issuer? Treasury bonds make great safe, long-term investments, but is there any point in Why would the Fed consider issuing a bond with a 100-year maturation, are backed by the U. S. Government and typically have a very slim risk of default. 5. The market value of an investment project should be viewed as the sum of the standard NPV and the value of managerial options. Explain three different real or managerial options that management may have, what they are, and how they would influence market value. 6. Explain the use of real and nominal discount rates in discounting cash flows.Which is used more often and why? Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. All future cash flows are estimated and discounted to give their present values (PVs) — the sum of all future cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is the net present value (NPV), which is taken as the value or price of the cash flows in question. Using DCF analysis to compute the NPV takes as input cash flows and a discount rate and gives as output a price; the opposite process — taking cash flows and a price and infe rring a discount rate, is called the yield.Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, and corporate financial management. 7. Consider two firms with the same P/E ratio. Explain how one could be described as expensive compared to the other. 8. Explain how important a firm's growth is by creating an example of a growth and no-growth stock. 9. Everything held constant, would you rather depreciate a project with straight-line depreciation or with MACRS? 10. A local bank is contemplating opening a new branch bank in a large superstore across town from their main office.It is estimated that the new branch will generate $20,000 after expenses each month. The manager wonders if all these revenues should be considered an incremental cash flow. Given this information, explain which of the following statements is correct. A. $20,000 is generated by the new branch bank and therefore it is an incremental cash flow. B. We would first need to asses s the opportunity cost of placing a branch in a different location to answer this question. C. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of substitutionary effects. D. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of complementary effects.

Glorious Revolution vs. Salem essays

Glorious Revolution vs. Salem essays The Glorious Revolution For years the colonies had considered themselves self-ruled. In fact, very few of the colonies had been established as royal colonies, most of them were founded under propriety share holders or by groups of people trying to escape persecutions. The colony of Plymouth had been founded by the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims set down their own laws and ruled over their own affairs, all of this done with out a charter approving it. They followed the Mayflower Compact, the rules that they had set before, they had agreed to rule equally and peaceably. The rule of the time was that basically, the king would grant a charter ensuring that the free men would have a voice in the legislation affecting them. Many colonies would then have elected representatives? rule the affairs. Many colonies also held town meetings in which the people could speak of their own concerns. The government of England was distracted by other affairs of the country to deal with this until 1660 when King Charles II to ok the throne. However, even now, the colonies were left largely undisturbed. It wasn't until around the 1670's that things started change for the colonists. The Lords of Trade and Plantation (a group dedicated to the enforcement of the mercantile system in the colonies) tried to revoke the Massachusetts Bay charter because of their refusal to follow the system. In 1685 King James II replaced King Charles II. One of King James? first acts as king was to unite New England into 1 colony called the Dominion of New England. King James was already under suspicion for being a Catholic and this did nothing to make him popular with the largely Puritan population in the colonies. Having all of New England under 1 governor helped to keep control. King James appointed Edmund Andros as governor in 1686, a decision the colonists abhorred. Governor Andros had permission to raise and lower taxes a...

Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak

Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak By Maeve Maddox Corporate-speak takes many forms, but especially mysterious is the practice of taking a familiar English word commonly understood to have one meaning and using it with a less familiar meaning. Here are five examples. 1. actionable common meaning: â€Å"giving cause for legal action.† Example: Disrespect in the workplace may constitute actionable behavior. corporate usage: able to be acted upon or put into practice. Example: From Apple to the Toastmasters, the world’s most successful organizations demand that attendees leave meetings with actionable tasks. 2. ecosystem common meaning: A biological system composed of all the organisms found in a particular physical environment, interacting with it and with each other. Example: Sockeye salmon vs. Pebble Mine: Protecting a fragile ecosystem in Alaska from destruction. corporate usage: a complex system resembling a biological ecosystem. Example: For me, a successful Entrepreneurial Ecosystem is a space run by people with very entrepreneurial minds. Ecosystems are self-supporting, energetic environments that attract, nurture, move on and reward different stakeholders.   3. granular common meaning: Consisting of grains or granules; existing in the condition of grains or granules. (granule: A small grain; a small compact particle; a pellet.) Example: â€Å"Sandpaper† is material upon which a granular layer of some abrasive has been fixed by means of an adhesive. corporate usage: attending to or explaining the fine details of a topic. Example: The CEO and CFO see the bottom line of the cost of your department more clearly than they see the success of individual projects. Theyre not idiots. They can get granular if they have to, but what they really want to know is if the total cost of IT is worth the output. 4. socialize common meaning: to civilize, to make suitable for society. Example: Pet owners socialize their puppies by taking them into different situations. corporate usage: to let people know about something. Examples: 1. Employees will form beliefs based on what they experience before and after you widely socialize the new purpose and those beliefs will drive their actions. 2. When a good idea hits, find the fastest, cheapest way to get something that will demonstrate and socialize the idea to at least some segment of the target marked.   5. surface common meaning: intransitive verb meaning to come to the surface, especially, to rise to the surface of water. Figuratively, â€Å"to surface† means to come to public attention after a period of obscurity or concealment. Examples: 1. Sometimes we saw the whale and the dolphins surface at the same time. 2. Fear of the truths that might surface about ourselves corporate usage: transitive verb meaning â€Å"to raise.† Example: Plan on meeting regularly so that team members stay informed and any issues you surface are resolved in a timely manner. All occupations develop specialized terminology that serves a practical purpose. For example, terms like banner, head, and gutter provide useful shorthand in the context of running a newspaper. Used in an occupational context, the words’ other meanings do not impede communication. Wrenching the meanings of words like socialize and surface however, has the effect of muddying communication. Speakers who wish to be understood by the largest number of listeners will do well to avoid such meaningless cant in their business meetings and correspondence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Capitalization Rules for the Names of GamesHow to Style Legislative Terms

LP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LP - Assignment Example It should be noted that at the beginning of learning, correct answers are most enabling. Therefore, it is recommended that the teacher at first call on able students to avoid incorrect answers, which can "pollute" the learning that results from this approach. A great example of this can be found in Toms  Math Maps. Math Maps  are Google Maps on which Tom and others have created place marks which when clicked reveal mathematics questions for students to answer based on the maps. There are questions available for every elementary school grade level. The place marks are color-coded to indicate the level of the questions. Blue = Kindergarten, Red = 1st grade, Green = 2nd grade, Light Blue = 3rd grade, Yellow = 4th grade, Purple = 5th grade. Math Maps  is a great way for students to see examples of mathematics in the real world.  Math Maps   have a fun scavenger hunt feel. For students older than elementary school, you might want to consider having them create their own Math Maps as a way to demonstrate their knowledge of mathematics in the real world Group Choral Response; the teacher presents a question to the total group and gives thinking time, the strength of a choral response indicates the general degree of student accuracy and comfort with the learning. Individual Private Response; A brief written or whispered-to-teacher response (when the teacher is moving about the room from desk to desk, table to table) makes students accountable for demonstrating possession of, or progress toward, achievement of the needed information or skill The students can then be given a simple 30 minutes math’s quiz to act as a formative assessment which will help the teacher identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work and recognize where students are struggling and address problems immediately

Data Handling Checklist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Data Handling Checklist - Research Paper Example 1.2 Use data collection sheets to record data from a practical exercise (e.g. measuring temperature change over time) (p264 Chapter 28). Solution: There are a number of methods available to record the raw data. Let here we use tally chart to record the data related to measure the temperature change over time. The data recorded in table 1.2(a) is the raw data about the variation of temperature over time for a hot summer week. 1.3 Identify strengths and weaknesses of different methods of data collection, e.g. tally chart - frequency table (p274 Chapter 28 submit Question 1). Answer. Strengths of Tally chart. A tally chart is a grid used to help clearly show information as it is collected. A good tally chart, -shows the information clearly. -have clear columns and headings. -uses lines to show numbers and a total number to show the frequency. Weakness of Tally chart -Tally chart is not a good option to use for a large complex data collection. -Since Tally chart uses lines to show numbers, therefore for large data the Tally (lines) patterns are not only have an odd outlook but also cover a lot of space. Frequency Table When summarizing large masses of raw data it if often useful to distribute the data in classes or categories and to determine the number of individuals belonging to each class called the class frequency. A tabular arrangement of data by classes together with the corresponding class frequency is called a frequency distribution or frequency table. The data organized in frequency table is termed as grouped data. Strengths of Frequency Table A frequency table can split data into classes or categories. By frequency table the actual number of scores as well as the % age of scores in each interval can be displayed. A frequency table can be used to summaries categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be used to summar

I need to fix the essay about early buddhism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I need to fix the about early buddhism - Essay Example Women associates with the deficiencies of this earth described being black, corporeality and contaminated, characteristics attributed to them. The writers condemned the female bodies but according to Nagarjuan the construct of male bodies is no better than female. The author has a conflicting opinion about the negative attitude towards women by citing Buddhist scriptures showing the participation of women in spiritual matter and likewise the Christian writers Tertullian and Irenaeus admitting to women occupying positions in the Gnostic community (Fischer 84). The human suffering is. As a result, eating the earthly fruit. This act ripped the humans of their happiness and joy; humans lost their luminous body thus sexual intercourse bringing about the generation of beasts. In both traditions, the fall of mankind started with eating the earthly food (Gutschow 95). The only way to attain spirituality is by abstaining from sexual acts so as to weaken the ties with the worldly. Sex is associated with suffering by both traditions as it considered impure and defiles the body The scripture recommends celibacy, Buddha left his family so did Jesus urge his disciples to destroy the work of femaleness (Fischer 84). Human beings male and female can achieve the transformation by abstaining from sexual intercourse. Women must cultivate a male mind in order to enter heaven as Mahayana literature puts it. It is not a physical transformation, but a mental transition to spirituality by acquiring insight so as to transform their mentality focused on spiritual attainment (CabezoÃŒ n 103). In the opening of the article, the woman is depicted as an inferior being associated with a lot of negativities but in the conclusion she emerges with a lot of praise from both Buddhist and Gnostic writers as a creative nurturing mother. Thus, men and women in equal measure can achieve

Quality of service of a network

Quality of service of a network CONGESTION MANAGMENT: Networks which are designed to support most different traffic types which share a single data path between routers. Congestion management techniques should be considered in such cases to ensure the quality and treatment for the various traffic types. Traffic prioritization especially important for delay-sensitive, interactive transaction based application for instance, for example takes video conferencing that requires higher priority than the file transfer applications. However use of WFQ (weighted fair queuing) ensures that all traffic is treated fairly. Prioritization is most effective in WAN links where the combination of bursty traffic and relatively lower data rates can cause temporary congestion if there is no congestion on the WAN link, there is no reason to implement traffic prioritization. APPLICATION QUALITY: By various parameters used for network quality of service which allows the specification of quality metrics. Such quality of service metrics are monitored and analysed using network quality parameters and important aspect of quality which is always ignored in many cases and overlooked is the behaviour of each and every individual applications in the internet recognised .most applications try to possess a majority part of network resources possible, immediately it may not or influence the quality of an application. NETWORK QUALITY OF SERVICE: The Ability to provide better service to a selected traffic.Quality of service refers to the ability of a network to provide highest quality service to any selected network traffic using various technologies in the latest networks used with a combination of traffic Qos ensures the exact application to be accessed to the resources of the network first, it is a combination of various technologies which allows application to recive request most acceptable and predicted service levels in terms of data and its Bandwidth (throughput capacity) latency variation in jitter, packet loss and delays.Qos provide the best features and more predictable network service by following methods(cisco 2009) Ø Dedicated bandwidth and support Ø Loss characteristics Ø Congestion avoidance and mangment of network Ø Network traffic shaping OPERATION OF QOS: Ø Qos distinguishes the traffic and splits it with very exact timing requirements Ø It improves resources in the network so that all the traffic reaches the specified destinations reliably and faster Ø It doesnt create any bandwidth it simply manages it effectively to meet the application requirements (OPNET 2008) Here the working of qos follow a series flow of simple rules in order to execute the file or a packet and at first the packet is pass through the classification which means that the following packet must be in which group does it fit then the packet is moved on to the next level which is the pre-queuing which means that the following packet is arranged in a order according to the source and the destination numbers and then it is again moved on to the next level which is the queuing and scheduling its main work is to set the stream to the destination point so that it automatically enforces the bandwidth allocations then moves on to the last level which is the post queuing which increases throughput on the lower speed links so that it reaches the destination point within the time it has decided and thus the working of the qos is completed. ADVANTAGES OF QOS: Ø Dedicated bandwidth Ø Controlled network latency and jitter Ø Improved loss characterstics Ø Control and predictability beyond best effort concept (OPNET NETWORK 2008) NEED OF QOS IN A NETWORK: All packets in a network are given equal access to all the resources , the priorty acn only be given when we can distinguish data packet from a voice packet. For a company network to effectively use the network and its resources it must identify which network traffic is the appropriate and which is not to allocate the right recourses to effectively support the traffic streams . The priority should be given to all the data streams to failing to do so can create low quality of voice and data, because most of the audio and visual application is delay and jitter sensitive. Only a good Qos can give the audio and video packets the best priority access. Qos evolution: The networks which are used with Qos enabled are called the Best -effort network. Where each and every packet is treated in the same way which is significantly important in the network design for preferable results, when even space in the cpu is available these type of networks work prominently. There are two major architectures of qos, both the architecture have different approach and different ways of quality of service in their own preferable ways. The main architecture of Qos is integrated services and differentiated services. Traffic characteristics that Qos tools can effect 1) Bandwidth 2) latency 3) jitter 4) compression 5) queuing BANDWIDTH: Bandwidth refers to number of bits per second that can reasonably be expected to be successfully delivered across same medium. firstly bandwidth techniques are mainly used to describe or define network traffic and to do this we can set some special type of techniques which are mainly used by the network devices such as blue coat for instance and by using this we can setup a type of service (TOS) in the packet of the internet protocol header and by using the required information of the type of service we can set the device in action and allow the traffic to flow in different direction and for another instance we can choose some factors to involve this issue such as audio clarity, if the sound is audible in two different direction then it is said to be working in perfect condition and this can be measured by the MOS (which means the mean opinion score) , so by this we can rate from 1-5 which means that 1 scores the worst and 5 scores the best and the average typical analogue call whi ch rates from 4.1 to 4.7 and a avg cell phone ranges from 3.5 to 3.9 and if we considered the VOIP CALLS ranges from the 4.0 to 4.4 so which means that the VoIP also has the best average rating in audio clarity and if we comes to reliability comes to 99.999 so which is more reliability to the customers and the usage of them is also more and the techniques used in this kind of symphony which is sophisticated and the consistency is also more which is mixed out with the qos so this is in short all about bandwidth in qos LATENCY: It is mainly specified as some serious problem to qos which is also known as the delay and if we speak in technical words its the same amount of time taken by a packet from source to destination and if the latency and the bandwidth are defined they are for speeding the network so for instance we can say that a normal average person can hear a call upto 250 ms approx and 200 ms in sensitive person ear so if the call doesnt return in that range the caller is going to be disappointed. JITTER: It also refers to the same problem but for connectionless or wireless so which is also called as a delay which must be a serious and most inappropriate but business customers such as for company which is dealing with important calls so in this here if we see the database server is connected to some system and the employees are storing some information to the database systems and in between there are calls to handled and the calls doesnt seems to go through the cloud of the similar database server so we can find the disturbance which are caused by the latency and jitter so in order to watch and control the traffic we must maintain the jitter in control and the specification for this is it must be less than 100 ms for the communication less than 100 ms for normal database because if the jitter took place a bit slow in voice band it doesnt have a problem but if it takes under the packet series then it might be some kind of serious issue so in order to reduce this we must all keep the j itter in control. bandwidth refers to number of bits per second that can reasonably be expected to be successfully delivered across same medium Compression: Either the payloads or the headers compressed by reducing the total number of bits required to transmit the data. Call Admission control: reduces all the overall load of the network by denying any new incoming voice and video calls. Queuing: Qos refers to a broad collection networking technologies and techniques. The goal of Qos is to provide guarantee on the ability of a network to deliver predictable results. Qos involves prioritization of a network, Qos is a method to guarantee the bandwidth relationship between individual or application or protocols. Qos refers to the capability of a network to provide a better service to selected network traffic over various underlying technologies including frame relay,(Cisco systems Inc. 1999). There are seven Qos mechanisms and tools that are used to implement Qos in a computer network. Ø Congestion management Ø Congestion avoidance Ø Control admission control Ø Shaping and policing Ø Bandwidth reservation Ø Link efficiency Ø Classification and marking 1.1.3 Aim of Qos is to provide a dedicated bandwidth sufficient to deliver for the service of the applications by controlling latency and jitter, and by reducing data loss. Network characteristics managed by quality of service. Category of quality of service mechanisms: 1) Admission control 2) Traffic control 1.2.1 Admission control: Gives the information of number of users and the applications used to network resources it allows only specific users and resources which can be used in a network segment (subnet). 1.2.2 Traffic control: It controls and regulates the data flow by classifying and marking the packets based on priority and by stopping traffic, service class assigned to a traffic flow which evaluates the quality of service treatment, the traffic receives. 1.2.3 Call admission control: It provides the overall quality for all the networks, it controls the voice disturbance from the voice traffic, and video from the other video traffic 1.3.2 Classification and marking: For defining a quality of service identifying the traffic is the first case involved in the procedure which is treated either differently or preferentially which is done by classification and marking. 1.3.3 Bandwidth reservation: Bandwidth reservation provides guarantee to the bandwidth, i.e., bandwidth is provided whenever needed without reserving it for a specific application or flow in a network. 1.3.4 Shaping and policing: The significant issues related to quality of service in a network are solved by traffic shaping , the delay and loss in a network are solved by traffic shaping which is called as(egress blocking)The data which is sent or received are measured by traffic shaping and traffic policing . traffic policing in a network is used to remove all the excess packets which helps to overcome the policed rate. The excess packets are again en-queued by shaping. Both shaping and policing prevent the traffic from exceeding the bit rate defined. Link efficiency: Link efficiency is used increase the quality of service of a network,particularly if the given note continuously increase the bandwidth rate on a network which causes the sudden change in behaviour of the network. Which slows down data applications significantly.if the load exceeds the given bandwidth for a period of time the application slows down completely or even stops down ata particular point because of the continuous queues which can be avoided by using the link efficiency. 1.3.6 Congestion management: Whenever queuing occurs in a network congestion management gives the ability to rearrange the packets. 1.3.7 Congestion avoidance: Congestion avoidance tools are used to avoid congestion. It enables queue to avoid congestion. Whenever the rate of transmission load and offer load exceeds the line rate send by various senders.Queues are formed which may cause congestion. The queue are managed by congestion avoidance tool by dropping the packets randomly which are selective which reduces the congestion level. WHY DO WE NEED QOS Each and every packet will be given equal access to resources when we not consider the QoS policies. We cannot give voice priority if we cannot tell a voice packet from a data packet. In order to utilize its network resources efficiently for a company, so to support those traffic streams it must identify which network traffic is critical traffic and allocate appropriate resources to support those traffic streams. Otherwise, the result could be intermittent with voice quality complaints. Applications like voice and video are delay and jitter sensitive. Voice packet will be given first priority access to the interface queue, when we use a good QoS policy. For example, both FTP and an voice packet arrive at the same time at an outbound router interface. When we not consider the QoS policies the voice packet may need to wait in the queue until the FTP packet has been processed out the interface. This may results delay of unacceptable amount of delay into the voice path which will depends upon the interface speed. Traffic flow with out qos (global knowledge,whitepapers,[2],author:gardiner2008) The voice packet could be given priority first over the FTP packet when we use QoS configuration. The FTP packet may be fragmented to make sure that the voice packet does not show any excessive delay, if the interface speed is less than T. QoS Evolution The main reason for the wide transformation of best-effort models to more complex differentiated services models is by privately owned enterprise and service providers networks, the meaning that the network gives different applications differing levels of service. 2.6.1 Congestion Management (Queuing): QoS queuing tools provide you with a variety of queuing methods. Queuing tools define a number of queues. The queuing tools are as follows: a. Priority Queuing(PQ) b. Custom Queuing(CQ) c. Weighted Fair Queuing(WFQ) d. Class-Based Weighted Fair Queing(CBWFQ) e. Low Latency Queuing(LLQ) f. Modified Deficit Round-Robin(MDRR) a. Priority Queuing: Priority Queuings most distinctive feature is its scheduler. PQ schedules traffic such that the higher-priority queues always get serviced, with the side affect of starving the lower-priority queues. With a maximum of four queues, called High, Normal, and Low, the complete logic of the scheduler can be easily represented, as shown in figure. (Cisco systems, 1999) b. Custom Queuing: As with most queuing tools, the most interesting part of the tool is the scheduler. The CQ scheduler reserves an approximate percentage of overall link bandwidth to each queue. CQ approximates the bandwidth percentages, as opposed to meeting an exact percentage, due to the simple operation of the CQ scheduler. The CQ scheduler performs round-robin service on each queue, beginning with queue 1. CQ takes packets from the queue, until the total byte count specified for the queue has been met or exceeded. After the queue has been serviced for that many bytes, or the queue does not have any more packets, CQ moves on to the next queue, and repeats the process. (Morgan, 1991) c. Weighted Fair Queuing: Weighted Fair Queuing differs from PQ and CQ in several significant ways. The first and most obvious difference is that WFQ does not allow classification options to be configured. WFQ classifies packets based on flows. A flow consists of all packets that have the same source and destination IP address, and the same source and destination port numbers. So, no explicit matching is configured. The other large difference between WFQ versus PQ and CQ is the scheduler, which simply favors low-volume, higher-precedence flows over large-volume, lower-precedence flows. Also because WFQ is flow based, and each flow uses a different queue, the number of queues become rather large up to a maximum of 4096 queues per interface. And although WFQ uses tail drop, it really uses a slightly modified tail-drop scheme- yet another difference. (Cisco systems Inc, 1999) d. Class-Based WFQ: CBWFQ is most like CQ, in that it can be used to reserve minimum bandwidth for each queue. It does differ from CQ in that you can configure the actual percentage of traffic, rather than a byte count. CBWFQ is like WFQ in that CBWFQ can actually use WFQ inside one particular queue, but it differs from WFQ in that it does not keep up with flows for all the traffic. e. Low Latency Queuing (LLQ): LLQ combines the bandwidth reservation feature of CBWFQ with a PQ-like high priority queue, called as Low Latency Queue, which allows delay-sensitive traffic to spend little time in the queue. But first, this section begins with WFQ, which uses a completely different scheduler. Table 2: Comparison of Queuing Tools. (Odom W, et al, 2005) Tool Maximum Number of Queues Classification Capabilities Queue Service Algorithm/ End Result of Algorithm PriorityQueuing (PQ) 4 IP ACL Input interface Fragments Strict service; always serves higher-priority queue over lower queue. Custom Queuing (CQ) 16 IP ACL Input interface Fragments Serves a configured number of bytes per queue, per round-robin pass through the queues. Result: Rough percentage of the bandwidth given to each queue under load. Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) 4096 Automatic, based on flows, (Flow identified by source/destination address and port numbers, plus protocol type.) Each flow uses a different queue, Queues with lower volume and higher IP precedence get more service; high volume, low precedence flows get less service. Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) 64 IP ACL NBAR Same as CB marking Service algorithm not published; results in set percentage bandwidth for each queue under load. Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) N/A Same as CBWFQ LLQ is a variant of CBWFQ, which makes some queues priority queues, always getting served next if a packet is waiting in that queue. It also polices traffic. Modified Deficit Round-Robin (MDRR) 8 IP precedence Similar to CQ, but each queue gets an exact percentage of bandwidth. Supports LLQ mechanism as well.